Um transbordo simples?

Colonialidade Ambiental na Espanha Franquista (1950-1979)

Autores

  • Pablo Corral-Broto Reunion Island University
  • Antonio Ortega Santos Universidad de Granada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.3564

Palavras-chave:

Colonialismo Interno, Justiça Ambiental, História Ambiental Decolonial, Fascimo e regimes autoritários

Resumo

Este artigo analisa o surgimento da crítica à "colonialidade ambiental" da ditadura franquista espanhola, e como esta se ligava à fundação de várias lutas de injustiça ambiental em Espanha. Esta colonialidade pode ser observada nas críticas contemporâneas ao "colonialismo interno", que surgiram durante a década de 1970. Intelectuais verdes, tais como Mario Gaviria, chegaram ao ponto de descrever três tipos de colonialismo ambiental baseado no colonialismo clássico: colonialismo espacial, colonialismo energético e extractivismo. Neste artigo argumentamos que o caso espanhol ilustra que o sistema colonial global implica uma certa capacidade de reversibilidade. Em comparação com as democracias liberais, a colonialidade ambiental de um regime fascista envolve mais violência e repressão na colonialidade do poder, do conhecimento, e do ser. Tal reversibilidade, juntamente com os velhos padrões de colonialidade ambiental, leva os historiadores a criticar a retórica dos milagres económicos europeus e da alta modernidade através da lente da história ambiental descolonial. Podemos descrever o conceito de colonialidade ambiental a partir de três perspectivas. A primeira é a conceptualização do ambiente como um objecto de apropriação capitalista dos processos científicos supervisionados pelo Estado. Esta perspectiva pode ser descrita em termos da mercantilização da natureza. Em segundo lugar, e relacionado com este primeiro elemento, está a natureza coerciva de um Estado fascista que anula qualquer processo decisório ou participação social no campo da gestão ambiental. Finalmente, é a repressão violenta de um Estado fascista sobre qualquer forma de contestação social. A partir destas três perspectivas podemos concluir que a colonialidade ambiental deu origem a um ciclo de lutas pela defesa da terra, da água e da vida comunitária; estas lutas podem ser consideradas descoloniais, porque propuseram um modelo alternativo ao autoritarismo do Estado fascista.

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Publicado

2021-12-17

Como Citar

Corral-Broto, P., & Ortega Santos, A. (2021). Um transbordo simples? Colonialidade Ambiental na Espanha Franquista (1950-1979). Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science, 25, 29–42. https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.3564

Edição

Vol. 25 (2021): his special issue aims to explore the en- vironmental dimension and engagement of Mediterranean fascist regimes inclusive of their colonial possessions. Methodologically, this has firstly implied to go beyond the narrow under- standing of environmental history as a discipline putting at the centre of its analysis natural or eco- logical elements and, secondly, to bridge environ- mental history with political and social history, and other historical subfields. Among the many themes touched in this volume, we would like to stress three more significant and overarching issues: reclamation as a material and ideological regeneration of people and places; modernity as the ideology through which fascist regimes em- ployed science and technology to create socio- ecologies at the service of their goals; and colo- nization (internal and external) as the concrete laboratory where reclamation and modernity were experimented as forms of control, regime-building, and oppression. Blending fascist studies and environmental history sounds like an unconventional scholarly enterprise. Seemingly, this is because the for- mer addresses complex and contradictory mix- tures of traditionalism, racial and scientific pos- itivism, anti-liberalism, corporatism, authoritari- anism, but also modernist ideologies and innova- tive forms of mass communication and mobiliza- tion. Whereas the latter is an academic discipline attentive to processes of natural depletion and conservation, and also considered quite progres- sive, we might argue. Even more than that, fascist studies and environmental history form an odd couple because the first line of enquiry is actually one of the most well-established areas of interest for historians of modern times, while the latter is often seen as a rather marginal or emerging field of studies, especially in the Mediterranean coun- tries. Finally, fascist and environmental histories form an unusual combination because according to traditional sub-disciplinary boundaries, envi- ronmental historians should not be concerned about themes like fascism. Quite the opposite, they should dedicate themselves to the confined niche of "the environment" (Armiero 2016). In this sense, our special issue questions the narrow understanding of "the environment" and propose a vision of our discipline not in terms of themes but rather of perspectives. The articles hosted in this special issue help clarify our vision. Not all of the authors would in fact define themselves environmental historians and, rather than checking disciplinary IDs at the borders of this special issue, we have opted for welcoming whoever was interested in looking at the fascist histories in their intertwining with nature and for learning from these mixed

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