Campos de Morte: Meio Ambiente, Agência, e a Conquista Fascista da Líbia Colonial

Autores

  • Roberta Pergher Indiana University Bloomington

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.3210

Palavras-chave:

Itália, Líbia, Facismo, Colonialismo, Genocídio

Resumo

O artigo procura refletir sobre a questão da "agência da natureza" nas histórias de violência. Assim, revisita as escolhas e resultados da políticas fascista na Líbia, colocando em primeiro plano a ecologia da colónia. A determinação de vencer uma guerra num terreno inóspito, levou à decisão do regime de criar campos de concentração para tribos beduínas e seus rebanhos nas áreas desérticas e semiáridas da Cirenaica, que por sua vez tiveram um efeito assassino em humanos e animais. A partir daí, o artigo segue para a segunda fase da conquista italiana, quando a derrota da resistência anti-colonial se transformou numa "conquista da natureza", com a recuperação agrícola das terras altas da Cirenaica para os colonos italianos. Esses centros agrícolas e o seu povo, que à primeira vista poderiam parecer bucólicos e benignos, eram tão prejudiciais à ecologia beduína anterior à ocupação italiana quanto os campos de concentração. A conclusão pondera sobre os imperativos morais em escrever histórias de violência fascista e as aberturas para a história ambiental.

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Publicado

2021-12-17

Como Citar

Pergher, R. (2021). Campos de Morte: Meio Ambiente, Agência, e a Conquista Fascista da Líbia Colonial. Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science, 25, 71–87. https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.3210

Edição

Vol. 25 (2021): his special issue aims to explore the en- vironmental dimension and engagement of Mediterranean fascist regimes inclusive of their colonial possessions. Methodologically, this has firstly implied to go beyond the narrow under- standing of environmental history as a discipline putting at the centre of its analysis natural or eco- logical elements and, secondly, to bridge environ- mental history with political and social history, and other historical subfields. Among the many themes touched in this volume, we would like to stress three more significant and overarching issues: reclamation as a material and ideological regeneration of people and places; modernity as the ideology through which fascist regimes em- ployed science and technology to create socio- ecologies at the service of their goals; and colo- nization (internal and external) as the concrete laboratory where reclamation and modernity were experimented as forms of control, regime-building, and oppression. Blending fascist studies and environmental history sounds like an unconventional scholarly enterprise. Seemingly, this is because the for- mer addresses complex and contradictory mix- tures of traditionalism, racial and scientific pos- itivism, anti-liberalism, corporatism, authoritari- anism, but also modernist ideologies and innova- tive forms of mass communication and mobiliza- tion. Whereas the latter is an academic discipline attentive to processes of natural depletion and conservation, and also considered quite progres- sive, we might argue. Even more than that, fascist studies and environmental history form an odd couple because the first line of enquiry is actually one of the most well-established areas of interest for historians of modern times, while the latter is often seen as a rather marginal or emerging field of studies, especially in the Mediterranean coun- tries. Finally, fascist and environmental histories form an unusual combination because according to traditional sub-disciplinary boundaries, envi- ronmental historians should not be concerned about themes like fascism. Quite the opposite, they should dedicate themselves to the confined niche of "the environment" (Armiero 2016). In this sense, our special issue questions the narrow understanding of "the environment" and propose a vision of our discipline not in terms of themes but rather of perspectives. The articles hosted in this special issue help clarify our vision. Not all of the authors would in fact define themselves environmental historians and, rather than checking disciplinary IDs at the borders of this special issue, we have opted for welcoming whoever was interested in looking at the fascist histories in their intertwining with nature and for learning from these mixed

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