O Contributo da União Europeia na Governança do Ártico

The European Union Contribution to the Governance of the Arctic

Autores

  • Francisco Cuogo Uniiversity of Minho

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.2372

Palavras-chave:

Ártico, Governança, União Europeia, Cooperação

Resumo

The Arctic is a region that, although located in the far north of the globe and surrounded by a small number of countries, namely the Arctic States, has gained worldwide attention. The views that converge on the north polar circle essentially follow four main aspects in the region: environmental changes; the unfolding of relations between Arctic states; the opportunities for new navigation rotation and the exploitation of natural resources. Although the last three aspects are conditioned by the first, there is no natural determinism based on environmental changes that is responsible for the scenario that is being built in the region. On the contrary, cooperation underway in the Arctic is a result of governance in the region that has led to relations between the actors in the North Polar Circle and cooperative relations. However, even if cooperation is the current condition, world interests in the Arctic can cause destabilization in this geopolitical scenario. Therefore, we analyze in this article how an actor with the characteristics of the European Union (EU) can bring effective contributions to Arctic governance. For the region has increasingly attracted the eyes of non-Arctic actors, such as China, India, Japan, Germany, etc., and their presence in the North Polar Circle, strongly oriented towards economic purposes, may threaten peace in the Arctic. The EU, however, in addition to having a strong regulatory capacity, is also an actor who exercises global influence of values and norms, and seeks to articulate cooperative relations in its practices and discourses. And therefore, it can contribute to the maintenance of Arctic peace, in the 21st century, when global interests and non-Arctic actors in the region emerge.

Resumo

O Ártico é uma região que, apesar de situada no extremo norte do globo e cercada por um número reduzido de países, nomeadamente os Estados do Ártico, tem conquistado a atenção mundial. Os olhares que convergem para o círculo polar norte acompanham fundamentalmente quatro aspectos principais na região: as transformações ambientais; os desdobramentos das relações entre os Estados do Ártico; as oportunidades de novas rotação de navegação e a exploração dos recursos naturais. Embora os três últimos aspectos sejam condicionados pelo primeiro, não há um determinismo natural a partir de mudanças ambientais que seja responsável pelo cenário que vem sendo construído na região. Pelo contrário, a cooperação em marcha no Ártico é decorrente da governança na região que tem conduzido as relações entre os atores do Círculo Polar Norte relações de cooperação. Contudo, ainda que a cooperação seja a condição atual, os interesses mundiais sobre o Ártico podem provocar desestabilização neste cenário geopolítico. Portanto, analisa-se neste artigo como um ator com as características da União Europeia (UE) pode trazer contributos efetivos na governança do Ártico. Pois, a região tem atraído cada vez mais os olhares de atores não-Árticos, tais como China, Índia, Japão, Alemanha etc, e a presença destes no Círculo Polar Norte, fortemente orientados para fins económicos, pode ameaçar a paz no Ártico. A UE, entretanto, além de dispor de uma forte capacidade normativa, é também um ator que exerce influência global de valores e normas, e busca articular relações de cooperação em suas práticas e discursos. E, portanto, pode contribuir na manutenção da paz ártica, no século XXI, quando emergem interesses globais e de atores não-Árticos na região.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia Autor

Francisco Cuogo, Uniiversity of Minho

Francisco Cuogo has a degree in History, a degree in Business Administration and a master's degree in Social Sciences. He is a doctoral candidate in Political Science and International Relations at the University of Minho and his research areas are mainly: Critical theory of International Relations, Arctic Geopolitics, American power and Geoeconomy of Informational Capitalism.

Referências

Bengtsson, Rikard, e Ole Elgströn. 2002. “Conflicting Role Conceptions? The European Union in Global Politics.” Foreign Policy Analysis 8: 93-108.

Bjørkli, Hans-Petter. 2015. “Arctic Governance: Understanding the geopolitics of commercial shipping via the Northern Sea Route.” Master Thesis. Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Norway.

Blunden, Margaret. 2009. “The New Problem of Arctic Stability.” Survival 51(5): 121-142.

Brigham, Lawson W. 2007. “Thinking about the Arctic’s Future: Scenarios for 2040.” World Future Society’s Conference, September-October Edition, Chicago.

Comissão Europeia. 2008. “The European Union and the Arctic Region.” Comunicado 763. Disponível em: <http://www.ec.europa.eu/>.

Comissão Europeia. 2012. “European Commission, & High Representative.” Comunicação Conjunta do Parlamento e da Comissão Europeia: European Union policy towards the Arctic region: Progress since 2008 and next steps. JOIN 19.

Comissão Europeia. 2016. “European Commission, & High Representative.” Comunicação Conjunta do Parlamento e da Comissão Europeia: An Integrated European Union Policy for the Arctic. JOIN 21.

Comissão sobre Governança Global. 1996. Nossa Comunidade Global: o Relatório da Comissão sobre Governança Global. Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV.

Diez, Thomas. 2005. “Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering Normative Power Europe.” Journal of International Studies 33(3): 613-636.

Dodds, Klaus, e Mark Nuttall. 2017. “Materializing Greenland within a Critical Arctic Geopolitics.” In Greenland and the International Politics of a Changing Arctic: Postcolonial Paradiplomacy between High and Low Politics, editado por K. Søby Kristensen e J Rahbek-Clemmensen. Abingdon: Routledge Research in the Polar Regions: 139-154.

Dodds, Klaus, e Duncan Depledge. 2017. “Bazaar governance: Situating the Artic Circle.” In Governing Arctic Change, editado por K. Keil e S. Knecht:141-160. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ford, James D., Barry Smit, e Johanna Wandel. 2006. “Vulnerability to climate change in the Arctic: A case study from Arctic Bay.” Global Environmental Change 16: 145–160.

Governo do Canadá. N.d. “CanNor - Northern Economic Index.” Disponível em: https://www.cannor.gc.ca/eng/1387900596709/1387900617810#chp2g.

Heininen, Lassi. 2010. “Circumpolar International Relations and Cooperation.” In Globalization and the Circumpolar North, editado por Heininen, L. Southcott e C. Fairbanks. Alaska: University of Alaska Press.

Heininen, Lassi. 2012. “State of the Arctic Strategies and Policies - A summary.” In Arctic Yearbook, editado por L. Heininen, 2-47. Finlândia: Northern Research Forum University of the Arctic.

Jensen, Laura. 2008. “Government, the State, and Governance.” Polity 40(3): 379–385.

Jönsson, Christer, e Jonas Tallberg. 2010. Transnational Actors in Global Governance: Patterns, Explanations and Implications. Londres: Palgrave Macmillan Publisher.

Lavenex, Sandra. 2004. “EU external governance in 'wider Europe'.” Journal of European Public Policy 11(4): 680-700.

Manners, Ian. 2002. “Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?” Journal of Common Market Studies 40(2): 235–258.

Moritz, Richard, Cecilia Bitz, e Eric Steig. 2002. “Dynamics of Recent Climate Change in the Arctic.” Polar Science Review 297(30).

Østhagen, Andreas. 2013. “The European Union – An Arctic Actor?” Journal of Centre of Military and Strategic Studies 15(2): 71-92.

Palosaari, Teemu, e Nina Tynkkynen. 2015. “Arctic securitization and climate change.” In Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic, editado pol L.C. Jensen e G. Hønneland. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Santos, Maria Helena. 1997. “Governabilidade, Governança e Democracia: Criação da Capacidade Governativa e Relações Executivo-Legislativo no Brasil Pós-Constituinte.” Dados – Revista de Ciências Sociais 40(3): 335-376.

Steinberg, Philip. 2015. “Europe’s ‘Others’ in the Polar Mediterranean.” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 107(2): 177–188.

Stępień, Adam. 2015. “Internal Contradictions and External Anxieties: One ‘Coherent’ Arctic Policy for the European Union?” In The Yearbook of Polar Law, editado por G. Alfredsson e T. Koivurova, 249-289. Nijhoff: Leiden.

Tamnes, Rolf, e Kristine Offerdal. 2014. Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic: Regional dynamics in a global world. Londres: Taylor & Francis Group.

Vella, Karmenu, e Federica Mogherini. 2016. “Why the Arctic matters to Europe. An EU policy for sustainable development and cooperative security.” European Commission. Disponível em:

https://ec.europa.eu/commission/commissioners/2014-2019/vella/blog/why-arctic-matters-europe-eu-policy-sustainable-development-and-cooperative-security-federica_en.

Wang, Wanqiu, Mingyue Chen, e Arun Kumar. 2013. “Seasonal Prediction of Arctic Sea Ice Extent from a Coupled Dynamical Forecast System.” Monthly Weather Review 141(4): 1375-1394.

Young, Oran R. 2005. “Governing the Arctic: From Cold War Theater to Mosaic of Cooperation.” Global Governance, 11(1): 9–15.

Young, Oran R. 2012. “Arctic Tipping Points: Governance in Turbulent Times.” Ambio Journal 41: 75–84.

Downloads

Publicado

2019-12-20

Como Citar

Cuogo, F. (2019). O Contributo da União Europeia na Governança do Ártico: The European Union Contribution to the Governance of the Arctic. Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science, 21, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.2372

Edição

Secção

Artigos