Escravidão, dinâmicas de mestiçagens e o léxico ibero-americano
Slavery, miscegenation dynamics and the Latin American lexicon
Keywords:
Iberian Lexicon, American History, Slavery, MiscigenaçãoAbstract
The areas of history of slavery and the history of mestizaje have been approached by historians of the American colonial period and of the post-19th century American independence, and the importance of linguistics for this field of study is becoming increasingly obvious. More specifically, it has become essential to search for meanings borrowed from words, expressions, and concepts relating to the world of slavery (and other forms of compulsory labor, such as encomienda and mita), and of the miscegenations arising from the fusion of these dimensions in the Ibero-American universe. The long dominance of the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors and Muslims of other origins and the Iberian presence in various parts of the African coast already brought about the emergence of specific vocabulary and meanings before the American conquests. This experience, however, was exponentially extended to the New World, especially by the massive presence of the natives, the Indians, in this process and the introduction into the colonial areas of a very large contingent of African slaves of various origins and cultures. In the American crucible, since the early days of the meeting of these peoples and Europeans, the biological and cultural mixtures were intense and soon the first generation of mestizos emerged, which was born together with a new lexicon, which expressed precisely that new multifaceted reality, plural and merged. A new vocabulary for a new world and for equally new people and cultures. This seems obvious, but the scale reached by this new American reality and the rapidly planetary impact (economic, demographic, political, biological, cultural and of course linguistic) are not yet well known, nor the lexicon that emerged from it.
Resumo
As áreas de história do Escravismo e de História das Mestiçagens vêm sendo aproximadas por historiadores do período colonial americano e do século XIX pós-independências americanas também e, cada vez, mais fica óbvia a importância da linguística para esse campo de estudos. Mais especificamente, tem-se tornado essencial a busca de significados emprestados a palavras, expressões e conceitos relativos ao mundo da escravidão (e de outras formas de trabalho compulsório, como a encomienda e a mita) e das mestiçagens surgido da fusão entre essas dimensões no universo ibero-afor-americano. O longo domínio da Península Ibérica pelos mouros e por muçulmanos de outras origens e a presença ibérica em várias partes da costa africana já provocavam o surgimento de vocabulário e significados específicos antes das conquistas americanas. Essa experiência, entretanto, foi exponencialmente alargada ao Novo Mundo, sobretudo pela maciça presença dos nativos, os índios, nesse processo e pela introdução nas áreas coloniais de contingente muito numeroso de escravos africanos de várias procedências e culturas. No crisol americano, desde os primeiros tempos do encontro desses povos e dos europeus, as misturas biológicas e culturais foram intensas e não tardou surgir a primeira geração de mestiços, que foi gestada junto com novo léxico, que expressava, justamente, aquela nova realidade multifacetada, plural e mesclada. Um novo vocabulário para um mundo novo e para gentes e culturas igualmente novas. Isso parece óbvio, mas a dimensão alcançada por essa nova realidade americana e o impacto planetário que gerou rapidamente (económico, demográfico, político, biológico, cultural e, claro, linguistico) ainda não são devidamente conhecidos, nem o léxico surgido daí.
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