The Black Sea’s Ebb and Flow
On the Interaction between a Regional System and the International System
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.4073Keywords:
Black Sea, Russia, Regional systems, Post-bipolarityAbstract
From its emergence onwards, the Black Sea as a regional system was shaped mainly through the internalisation of the international system, be it multipolar, bipolar or post-bipolar/unipolar. However, due to the regional build-up of the conttradictions inherent to post-bipolarity which outpaced the post-bipolar system’s own evolution, this process was reversed. With the Georgian and Ukrainian crises of 2008 and 2014, the regional context was externalised and had its own transformative impact on the post-bipolar international system. Ironically, the externalisation was followed by the peripheralisation of the region from the West’s perspective when the West had entered into a phase of return to collective defence and consolidation in its relations with Russia. This started a new, accelerated build-up of stresses in the Black Sea region, creating the circumstances of a new externalisation, that of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Downloads
References
Kenneth Waltz, “International Politics is not Foreign Policy”, Security Studies 1996 6(1):54-57; Also Waltz 1979,op.cit.,pp93-97
Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading:Addison-Wesley Publishing 1979,pp89-93
Waltz 1979, op.cit,pp97-99
Waltz 1979,op.cit., Mansfield, op.cit.
Edward D.Mansfield, “Concentration, Polarity, and the Distribution of Power”, International Studies Quarterly 1993 (37:1):105-128; Waltz 1979,op.cit.,p95
Ibid,p131; Kenneth Waltz, “The Emerging Structure of International Politics”, International Security 1993 (18:2):44-79
Waltz 1996, op.cit.
Ibid., also Waltz 1979,op.cit.,p122
Waltz 1979,op,cit., pp161-193; J.J.Mearsheimer,“A Realist Reply”, International Security, 20(1)1995,pp82–93; Hans Morgenthau, Politics 10. Among Nations:The Struggle for Power and Peace, Alfred A.Knopf 1948,pp137-157; R.Jervis, “Unipolarity:A Structural Perspective”, World Politics 61(1)2009,pp188-213; Stephen M.Walt, The Origins of Alliances, Cornell University Press 1987; K.W.Deutsch, J.D.Singer, “Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability”,World Politics,16(3) 1964,pp390-406
Marcus Brainard, Belief and its Neutralization, SUNY,Albany 2002,pp68-74; Edmund Husserl, Cartesian Meditations, Martinus Nijhoff:The Hague, 1982,pp7-9; Edmund Husserl, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology(Ideen I), Martinus Nijhoff,The Hague 1983,pp67-69, Martin Heidegger, History of the Concept of Time:Prolegomena, Indiana University Press,Bloomington 1985,pp115-116
Birthe Hansen, Unipolarity and World Politics:A Theory and its Implications, (Oxon:Routledge 2011),pp7-8
Nicholas G.Onuf, World of Our Making, University of SC Press, Columbia 1989,pp35-64; Nicholas G.Onuf, Making Sense,Making Worlds: Routledge,New York 2013,pp3-20; Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press 1999
R.K.Ashley, “The Poverty of Neorealism”, International Organization 38(2)1984,pp225-286; E.A.Korosteleva, “The European Union, Russia and the Eastern Region”,Cooperation and Conflict,2016 DOI:10.1177/0010836716631778; Jens Bartelson, A Genealogy of Sovereignty,Cambridge University Press 1995,pp53-87; Also: Michel Foucault, Power, New Press 2000,pp474-475; W.F.Allen, “Hannah Arendt:Existential Phenomenology and Political Freedom”, Philosophy&Social Criticism 9(2) 1982,pp170–190
Yves Lacoste, La géographie, ça sert d'abord à faire la guerre, Maspéro,Paris 1976; Klaus J.Dodds, Global Geopolitics:A Critical Introduction, Pearson Prentice Hall,Dorchester 2005; Eds. Ingram A., Dodds K., Spaces of Security and Insecurity, Ashgate,Farnham 2009,pp1-12; Gearoid O.Tuathail, Critical Geopolitics:The Politics of Writing Global Space, Routledge,London 1996,pp1-15
H.Inalcik, “Struggle for East-European Empire 1400-1700”, Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 21, 1995,pp1-16.
Paul Bushkovitsch, Peter the Great, Cambridge University Press 2004,pp83-188; Kenneth M.Setton, Venice, Austrians and Turks in the Seventeenth Century, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1991,p422
Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca,http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/hist/eia/documents_archive/kucuk-kaynarca.php.; M.S.Anderson, “The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea”,The Slavonic and East European Review, 37(88) 1958,pp17-41; Eds. J.Burbank,M.Von Hagen,A.Remnev, Russian Empire: Space, People, Power,:Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2007; John P.Le Donne, The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire:1650-1831, Oxford University Press, NY 2004
https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/traites/1829andrinople.htm
Nikolaos Chatziioannou, The Question of the Straits and the Soviet Foreign Policy, International Hellenic University,Thessaloniki 2013,pp10-11
N.Unlu N.,”The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits”, Ed.G.J.Mangone, International Straits of the World, Kluwer, The Hague 2002
H.Temperley, “The Treaty of Paris of 1856 and Its Execution”,The Journal of Modern History, 4(3) 1932,pp387-414
W.E.Mosse,”The End of the Crimean System”, The Historical Journal, 4(2) 1961,pp164-190
https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Peace_Treaty_of_Sèvres
http://www.hri.org/docs/straits/convention.html
Receuil des Traités, Société des Nations, Vol.CLXXIII 1936-1937, No :4015
Waltz 1979,op.cit.,p162
Waltz 1979,op.cit.,pp163-169
Waltz 1979,op.cit.,pp170-173; also Goedele De Keersmaeker, Polarity, Balance of Power and International Relations Theory, Palgrave Macmillan 2017,pp16-21
N.Oral,“Black Sea Security under the 1936 Montreux Treaty”, Eds. C.Esposito, J.Kraska, H.N.Scheiber, M.S.Kwon Ocean Law and Policy, Brill-Nijhoff, 2016,pp266–286
C.Krauthammer, “The Unipolar Moment”, Foreign Affairs, 70(1)1991,pp23-33
W.C.Wohlforth, ”The Stability of a Unipolar World”, International Security 24(1) 1999,pp5-41
Waltz 1993,op.cit.; also S.Cross,“NATO–Russia Security Challenges in the Aftermath of Ukraine Conflict”,Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 2015 ,DOI:10.1080/14683857.2015.1060017
Sarah Da Mota, NATO, Civilisation and Individuals, Palgrave Macmillan,Cham 2018,pp146-149; T.Flockhart, “Post-Bipolar Challenges”, Ed. S.Mayer, NATO’s Post-Cold War Politics, Palgrave Macmillan,Basingstoke,pp71-88
H.De Santis, “Romancing NATO:Partnership for Peace and East European Stability”, Journal of Strategic Studies 17(4) 1994,pp61-81; R.H.Donaldson, “The Role of NATO Enlargement in the Ukraine Crisis”, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 44,2017,pp32-52; Ed. A.Cottey, The European Neutrals and NATO:Non-Alignment, Partnership, Membership?, Palgrave Macmillan 2018,pp61-65; also Da Mota,op.cit-,pp151-155
Hall Gardner, Crimea, Global Rivalry and the Vengeance of History, Palgrave McMillan, NY 2015,p54
https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/official_texts_25468.htm; also Luis Simón, Geopolitical Change, Grand Strategy and European Security, Palgrave Macmillan,Basingstoke 2013,p195
http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50091.htm.
Vincent Pouliot, International Security in Practice:The Politics of NATO–Russia Diplomacy, Cambridge University Press,NY, 2010,pp194-230; Gardner 2015,op.cit.,pp55-57; John Norris, Collision Course:NATO, Russia and Kosovo, Praeger, Westport 2005,pp303-322
S.Karaganov, T.Bordachev “Towards a New Euro-Atlantic Security Ar¬chitecture”,Valdai Discussion Club Confer¬ence, London,8-10 Dec.2009; Pouliot,op.cit.,pp94-147; Hall Gardner,NATO Expansion and US Strategy in Asia, Palgrave,NY, 2013,pp53-55;
A.Wolff, “The Future of NATO Enlargement after the Ukraine Crisis”, International Affairs, 91(5) 2015,pp1103–1121; T.Casier, “Identities and Images of Competition in the Overlapping Neighbourhoods:How EU and Russian Foreign Policies Interact”,Eds. R.Piet, L.Simao, Security in Shared Neighbourhoods: Foreign Policy of Russia, Turkey and the EU, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2016,pp13-34
But see M.O.Slobodchikoff, “Challenging US Hegemony:The Ukrainian Crisis and Russian Regional Order”, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 44(1) 2017,pp76–95
Alexander Lukin, China and Russia:The New Rapprochement, Polity Press, Cambridge; Bobo Lo, Russian Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era, Palgrave Macmillan,Cham 2002,pp67-72; also Eds. A.Melville, T.Shakhleina, Russian Foreign Policy in Transition, Central European University Press, Budapest 2005 for the fundamental documents of the rapprochement.
see also D.Lynch, “De Facto ‘States’ Around the Black Sea”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 7(3) 2007,pp483–496; A.Matveeva, “Conflicts in the Wider Black Sea Area” Eds. D.Hamilton, G.Mangott, The Wider Black Sea Region in the 21st Century, Center for Transatlantic Relations, Washington 2008,pp177-224; N.A.Arbatova, “Troubled Strategic Partnership:The Black Sea Dimension of Russia’s Relations with the West”, Ibid.,pp294--318
Wolff,op.cit.; Matthias Conrad, NATO-Russia Relations under Putin, LIT Verlag, Berlin 2011,pp59-77; J.Sherr, “Security in the Black Sea Region:Back to Realpolitik?”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 8(2) 2008,pp141-153
V.Kolossov, J.O'Loughlin, “Pseudo States as Harbingers of a New Geopolitics”, Geopolitics 3(1) 1998,pp151-176
Lincoln A.Mitchell, The Color Revolutions, PENN,Philadelphia 2012
Census data:
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/ http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Crimea/
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Donetsk/
http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/Luhansk/
Elections:
https://www.kiis.com.ua/materials/articles/president%20election%20in%20ukraine%202004.pdf
https://www.kiis.com.ua/materials/articles/The%20Ukraine%20Presidential%20Election.pdf
D.Lazarević, “NATO Enlargement to Ukraine and Georgia”,Connections, 9(1) 2009,pp29–66; R.Sakwa, “The Ukraine Syndrome and Europe:Between Norms and Space”, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 44(1) 2017,pp9-31; Korosteleva,op.cit.
V.Paniotto, “Ukraine:Presidential Elections 2004 and the Orange Revolution”, Kyiv International Institute of Sociology Publications 2005,
https://www.kiis.com.ua/materials/articles/president%20election%20in%20ukraine%202004.pdf
N.Kharchenko, V.Paniotto, “The Ukraine Presidential Election:Comparing the 2010 and 2004 Exit Polls” Kyiv International Institute of Sociology 2011,
https://www.kiis.com.ua/materials/articles/The%20Ukraine%20Presidential%20Election.pdf
W.A.S.C.Nieto, “A Drop in the Ocean: Bulgaria's NATO Membership and Black Sea Geopolitics”, European Security 17(4) 2008,pp517-532; T.Gallagher, “Balkan But Different:Romania and Bulgaria's Contrasting Paths to NATO Membership 1994–2002”, Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20(4) 2004,pp1-19
see Nieto,op.cit.
D.Dungaciu, “Geopolitics and Security by the Black Sea:The Strategic Options of Romania and Republic of Moldova”, Eds. S.Vaduva, A.R.Thomas Geopolitics, Development and National Security:Romania and Moldova at the Crossroads, Springer,Cham 2015,pp23-51
D.Dungaciu, L.Dumitrescu, “Romania’s Strategic Initiatives in the Black Sea Area”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 2019, DOI:10.1080/14683857.2019.1623983
see also S.Glebov, “Black Sea Security as a Regional Concern for the Black Sea States and the Global Powers”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9(3) 2009,pp351-365
see also Mitchell 2008, Larrabee 2008) L.E.Mitchell, “More than a Location:Crafting a US Policy for the Black Sea Region”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 8(2) 2008; F.S.Larrabee, “NATO and Black Sea Security”, Eds. D.Hamilton, G.Mangott,op.cit.,pp277-292
see also D.Tolksdorf, “Russia, the USA and the EU and the Conflicts in the Wider Black Sea Region”, Global Affairs 2015,DOI: 10.1080/23340460.2015.1080886
also see Simón,op.cit.,pp233-251; P.Manoli, “EU’s Flexible Regional Multilateralism Towards Its Black Sea Neighbourhood”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 12(3) 2012,pp431-442
M.Cichocki, “European Neighbourhood Policy or Neigbourhood Policies?”, Ibid.,pp9-28; P.Manoli, “Where is Black Sea Regionalism Heading?”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 10(3) 2010,pp323-339
L.Simão, “The EU's Conflict Resolution Policies in the Black Sea Area”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(3) 2014,pp300-313; Nicu Popescu, Andrew Wilson, The Limits of Enlargement-Lite, ECFR London,2009
A.Ascani, R.Crescenzi, S.Iammarino, «The Geography of Foreign Investments in the EU Neighbourhood” ,Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 108(1) 2017,pp76–91
Black Sea’s being a “European Sea”
F.Tassinari, “Region-Building as Trust-Building:The EU’s Faltering Involvement in the Black Sea Region”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 11(3) 2011,pp227-239; L.Beaugitte, R.Yann, F.Guerin-Pace, “The EU and Its Neighbourhoods”, Geopolitics, 20 2015,pp853–879; also S.Cornell, A.Jonsonn, «Expanding the European Area of Stability and Democracy to the Wider Black Sea Region”, Eds. D.Hamilton, G.Mangott, op.cit.,pp225-250
Lazarević,op.cit.; Sherr,op.cit.; C.Weaver, “Black Sea or Black Lake? How US-Russian Tensions Are Affecting the EU Policy?”, Eds. K.Henderson, C.Weaver, The Black Sea Region and EU Policy:The Challenges of Divergent Agendas, Ashgate, Surrey 2010,pp65-78
M.R.Freire, “Russian Reactions towards EU–Black Sea Integration”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(3) 2014,pp370-382; D.Trenin D., “Russia’s Perspective on the Wider Black Sea Region”, Eds. D.Hamilton, G.Mangott, op.cit.,pp103-120
see Vsevolod Samokhvalov, Russian-European Relations in the Balkans and Black Sea Region:Great Power Identity and the Idea of Europe. Palgrave Macmillan,Cham 2017,pp178-194
Angela Stent, US-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century, Princeton University Press 2014, pp135-158; Eugene B.Rumer, Russian Foreign Policy Beyond Putin, Routledge 2007,pp8-9
Gardner 2013,op.cit.,pp73-80; Ronald D.Asmus, A Little War That Shook The World, Palgrave McMillan, NY 2010
also see D.Trenin, “Russia’s Perspective on the Wider Black Sea Region”, Eds. D.Hamilton, G.Mangott,op.cit.,pp103-120
G.M.Hahn, “Russia in 2012:From Thaw and Reset to Freeze”, Asian Survey, 53(1) 2013,pp214-223; Lazarević,op.cit.,
R.Deyermond, “Assessing the Reset”, European Security, 22(4) 2013,pp500-523
The Foreign Policy Concept, National Security Concept and Military Doctrine
https://russiaeu.ru/userfiles/file/foreign_policy_concept_english.pdf ;
https://carnegieendowment.org/files/2010russia_military_doctrine.pdf
https://www.rusemb.org.uk/in1/
https://rusemb.org.uk/press/2029 ; https://www.rusemb.org.uk/rp_insight
see also O.Antonenko, “Towards a Comprehensive Regional Security Framework in the Black Sea Region after the Russia–Georgia War”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 9(3) 2009,pp259-269
see also M.E.Aleprete, “Minimizing Loss:Explaining Russian Policy Choices during the Ukrainian Crisis”, The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review, 44(1) 2017,pp53–75
Gardner 2015,op.cit.,pp65-69; Andrew Wilson, Ukraine Crisis:What It Means for the West. Yale University Press, New Haven 2014,pp86-98; Kees Van der Pijl, Flight MH17, Ukraine and the new Cold War, Manchester University Press 2018,pp69-86
Marvin Kalb, Imperial Gamble:Putin, Ukraine and the New Cold War, Brookings, Washington 2015,pp158-179; Wilson,op.cit.,pp110-115
A.Gromyko, “Russia–EU Relations at a Crossroads:Preventing a new Cold War in a Polycentric World”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies,15(2) 2015,pp141-149
Gardner 2015,op.cit.,pp70-72; J.Matlary, “Realpolitik Confronts Liberal Democracy:Can Europe Respond?”, Eds. J.Matlary, T.Heier, Ukraine and Beyond: Russia’s Strategic Security Challenge to Europe, Palgrave Macmillan
Joe Burton, NATO’s Durability in a Post-Cold War World, SUNY 2018,pp156-166
J.A.Larsen, “NATO Nuclear Adaptation Since 2014”,Journal of Transatlantic Studies 2019,https://doi.org/10.1057/s42738-019-00016-y; F.Heisbourg, “NATO 4.0:The Atlantic Alliance and the Rise of China”, Survival 62(2) 2020,pp83-102; J.Ringsmose, S.Rynning, “The NATO Response Force:A Qualified Failure No More?”, Contemporary Security Policy 2017,DOI:10.1080/13523260.2017.1350020; B.Stahl, R.Lucke, A.Felfeli, “Comeback of the Transatlantic Security Community?”, East European Politics 32(4) 2016,pp525-546
Keir Giles, Assessing Russia’s Reorganized and Rearmed Military, Carnegie,Washington 2017; Magnus Petersson, NATO and the Crisis in the International Order”.Routledge, Oxon 2019
A.Lanoszka, “Tangled-up in Rose?Theories of Alliance Entrapment and the 2008 Russo-Georgian War”, Contemporary Security Policy 2017, DOI:10.1080/13523260.2017.1392102
K.A.Kholodilin, A.Netšunajev, “Crimea and Punishment:The Impact of Sanctions on Russian Economy and Economies of the Euro-Area” Baltic Journal of Economics, 19(1) 2019,pp39-51
I.Overland, G.Kubayeva, “Did China Bankroll Russia’s Annexation of Crimea?” Eds. H.Blakkisrud, E.Wilson-Rowe, Russia’s Turn to the East: Domestic Policymaking and Regional Cooperation, Palgrave Macmillan 2018
https://www.rt.com/business/466481-russia-china-200-billion-turnover/
E.Fels, “The Geopolitical Significance of Sino-Russian Cooperation in Central Asia for the Belt and Road Initiative”, Ed. M.Mayer, Rethinking the Silk Road: China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations, Palgrave Macmillan 2018
Lukin,op.cit.
I.Delanoe, “After the Crimean Crisis:Towards a Greater Russian Maritime Power in the Black Sea”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 14(3) 2014,pp367–382; M.Celikpala, E.Ersen, “Turkey’s Black Sea Predicament:Challenging or Accommodating Russia?”.Perceptions XXIII(2) 2018,pp72-92
K.Åtland, I.Kabanenko, “Russia and its Western Neighbours”, Europe-Asia Studies 2019,DOI:10.1080/09668136.2019.1690634
A.Wilk, The Military Consequences of the Annexation of Crimea, Centre for Eastern Studies, Warsaw 2014
Deborah Sanders, Maritime Power in the Black Sea., Ashgate, Burlington 2014; A.Klus, “The New Strategic Reality in the Black Sea” New Eastern Europe 22/April 2014
L.Savin, “Russian Security Frame for Black Sea Region”,Geopolitica 2017,
https://www.geopolitica.ru/en/article/russian-security-frame-black-sea-region
A.Kuimova, S.Wezeman, “Russia and Black Sea Security”,SIPRI 2018
https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/bp_1812_black_sea_russia_0.pdf
Åtland, Kabanenko,op.cit.
Blockmans,op.cit.
https://www.iiss.org/publications/strategic-comments/2018/the-kerch-strait-incident
https://www.ft.com/content/f5c68dd4-765c-11e9-be7d-6d846537acab
;V.J.Schatz, D.Koval, «Russia’s Annexation of Crimea and the Passage of Ships Through Kerch Strait:A Law of the Sea Perspective”, Ocean Development and International Law 2019,https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2019.1605677
N.A.Arbatova, “Security Relations in the Black Sea Region”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 15(2) 2015,pp129-139
A.Legucka, “The NATO-Ukraine Relations after the Annexation of Crimea”, Ukraine Analytica 2(8) 2017,pp42-50; N.Mikhelidze, “NATO-Georgia Cooperation:A Rhetorical Engagement?”, Caucasus International 4(3-4) 2015,pp45-54
Lynch,op.cit.; M.Emerson, “The EU’s New Black Sea Policy” Eds. D.Hamilton, G.Mangott,op.cit.,pp225-276; Cichocki,op.cit.
L.Delcour, “Dealing with the Elephant in the Room:The EU, its Eastern Neighbourhood and Russia”, Contemporary Politics, 24(1) 2018,pp14-29; K.Wolczuk, “Convergence Without Finalité:EU Strategy Towards Post-Soviet States in the Wider Black Sea Region”, Eds. K.Henderson, C.Weaver,op.cit.,pp45-62; but also A.Vieira A., “Ukraine, Russia and the Strategic Partnership Dynamics in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2015,DOI:10.1080/09557571.2015.1093410.
Manoli 2012,op.cit.; T.Tsakiris, “The Energy Parameters of the Russian–Ukrainian–EU Impasse: Dependencies, Sanctions and the Rise of Turkish Stream”, Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 15(2) 2015,pp203-219.
A.S.Maass, “The Actorness of the EU’s State-Building in Ukraine:Before and after Crimea”, Geopolitics 2019,DOI:10.1080/14650045.2018.1559149; Rilka Dragneva, Kataryna Wolczuk, Ukraine Between the EU and Russia:The Integration Challenge, Palgrave Macmillan,Basingstoke 2015,pp83-99
Tsakiris,op.cit.
Tolksdorf,op.cit.
Dungaciu, Dumitrescu,op.cit.
V.Naumescu, “Stability, Ambiguity and Change in the Discourses of NATO Allies in the Black Sea Region:The Cases of Romania, Bulgaria and Turkey”,CIRR, XXIII(80), 2017,pp187-209
Tsakiris,op.cit.;M.Jirušek, T.Vlček, J.Henderson, «Russia’s Energy Relations in Southeastern Europe:An Analysis of Motives in Bulgaria and Greece”, Post-Soviet Affairs, 2017,DOI:10.1080/1060586X.2017.1341256
Eugene B.Rumer, Jeffrey Simon, Toward a Euro-Atlantic Strategy for the Black Sea Region, NDU,Washington 2006,pp22-23
https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/24/politics/us-troops-ukraine-russia-nato/index.html ; https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-says-ground-troops-not-on-the-table-but-putin-would-face-severe-economic-sanctions-for-ukraine-invasion/2021/12/08/3b975d46-5843-11ec-9a18-a506cf3aa31d_story.html;
https://mid.ru/en/press_service/spokesman/briefings/1800470/#11 ; https://mid.ru/en/press_service/spokesman/briefings/1800470/#4 ; https://tass.com/defense/1409813
https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/russias-war-ukraine-sanctions-timeline
https://www.politico.com/news/2022/03/22/ukraine-weapons-military-aid-00019104 ; https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/16/fact-sheet-on-u-s-security-assistance-for-ukraine/ ; https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9477/CBP-9477.pdf ; https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-eu-doubles-military-aid-to-1-billion-as-it-happened/a-61226171
https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_193719.htm
https://news.sky.com/story/ukraine-war-zelenskyy-says-ukraine-is-willing-to-consider-declaring-neutrality-and-offer-security-guarantees-to-russia-12576688 ; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/30/ukraine-offer-neutrality-meaning-constitution-russia-what-does-neutral-status-country-mean-how-would-it-work ; https://www.forbes.com/sites/dereksaul/2022/03/29/russia-ukraine-talks-ukraine-hints-at-progress-on-crimea-while-both-sides-optimistic-on-putin-zelensky-meeting/?sh=4f806e6e27d3
https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/17/briefing/russia-ukraine-war-diplomacy.html
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors must be sure that they have permission to reproduce copyright material, prior to submitting their articles to this Journal.
Authors must secure permission if they have permission to reproduce figures, tables, or any extract from the text of another source. This applies to direct reproduction as well as to any derivative reproduction.
In assigning copyright, authors retain their right to use their own material elsewhere, provided that the Journal is acknowledged as the original place of publication, and the Editorial Team is notified in writing in advance.
Further information on copyright policy please contact info@perspectivasjournal.com
