Democratization in Africa: The development condition revisited

Democratização em África: a condição de desenvolvimento revisitada

Authors

  • Manuel Couret Branco Full Professor of the University of Évora

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.2506

Keywords:

Democratization, Africa, Democracy, Development condition

Abstract

In the middle of the twentieth century S.M. Lipset sustained that various indicators of economic development were higher in democratic countries than in authoritarian ones, suggesting that development was a condition to democracy. More recently, though, several authors have shown that there is no strong empirical evidence confirming development as a condition to democracy, suggesting in turn that the economic is not as important in democratization as it seemed in the 1950s. Despite this fact, there are some clues that indicate that economic factors do play an important role in democratization, but in a way different than that proposed by Lipset. In this article a revision of literature on some economic obstacles to democratization in Africa is carried out, its main conclusion being that underdevelopment decisively contributes to the difficulties many African countries experience in democratizing and consolidating democracy. One should not mistake underdevelopment with un-development though, the latter being the mere absence or delay in development and the former a specific supporting role given to developing countries within the global development process. The article’s general conclusion, therefore, is that democratic development is not a question of getting richer, i.e. intensifying the development model, as much as of reforming this same model.

Resumo

Nos meados do século XX, S.M. Lipset afirma que vários indicadores de desenvolvimento económico são mais altos em países democráticos do que em países autoritários, sugerindo que o desenvolvimento é uma condição para a democracia. Mais recentemente, vários autores sustentam que não existem evidências empíricas que confirmem o desenvolvimento como condição para a democracia, sugerindo, por sua vez, que a economia não é tão importante na democratização como aparentava ser durante a década de 50. Apesar disso, existem algumas evidências que indicam que os fatores económicos desempenham um papel importante na democratização, mas de forma diferente da proposta por Lipset. Neste artigo é feita uma revisão da literatura sobre alguns obstáculos económicos à democratização na África, e a sua principal conclusão é que o subdesenvolvimento contribui decisivamente para as dificuldades que muitos países africanos enfrentam na democratização e consolidação da democracia. Não se deve confundir subdesenvolvimento com des-desenvolvimento, sendo este último a mera ausência ou atraso no desenvolvimento e o primeiro um papel de apoio específico dado aos países em vias desenvolvimento no processo de desenvolvimento global. A conclusão geral do artigo, portanto, é que o desenvolvimento democrático não é uma questão de enriquecimento, ou seja, de intensificar o modelo de desenvolvimento, mas de reformar esse mesmo modelo.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Manuel Couret Branco, Full Professor of the University of Évora

Manuel Couret Branco is a Full Professor of the Department of Economics of University of Évora and is an integrated member of the Research Center in Political Science. Manuel Couret Branco holds a Ph.D. in Economics (1988) and a Masters Degree in Economic Analysis and Policy (1983) both from the École des Hautes Études en Sciences So-ciales, Paris, France.

References

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, and Pierre Yared. 2005. “Income and. Democracy.” American Economic Review 98(3): 808-842.

Acemoglu, Daron. 2003. “The Form of Property Rights: Oligarchic vs. Democratic Societies.” National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper no. 10037.

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. 2002. “An African Success Story: Botswana.” Centre for Economic Policy Research, Discussion Paper Series 3219.

Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. 2001. “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation.” The American Economic Review 91 (5): 1369-1401.

Almond, Gabriel, and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Amin, Samir. 1989. La Faillite du Développement en Afrique et dans le Tiers Monde. Paris: L ́Harmattan.

Amin, Samir. 1973. Le Développement Inégal. Paris: Éditions Minuit.

Amin, Samir. 1977. O Imperialismo e o Desenvolvimento Desigual. Lisboa: Edições Ulmeiro.

Ayittey, Georges. 1992. “Les Blocages du Développement Africain.” Afrique 2000: Revue Trimestrielle 12: 75-97.

Barro, Robert J. 1999. “Determinants of Democracy.” Journal of Political Economy 107(6): 158-183.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros. 2003. The Interaction Between Democracy and Development. Paris: UNESCO.

Branco, Manuel C. 2007. “The Logic of Globalisation and Substantive Democracy.” Economics Working Papers 2007/01, University of Évora.

Branco, Manuel C. 2006. “Ethnicity, Democracy and Economic Development: a pluralist approach.” In Ethics and the Market: Insights from Social Economics, edited by Betsy J. Clary, Wilfred Dolfsma, and Deborah M. Figart, 161-175. London: Routledge.

Calderón, Fernando, and Alicia Szmuckler. 2004. “Political Culture and Development.” In Culture and Public Action, edited by Vijayendra Rao, and Michael Walton Stanford, 281-306. California: Stanford University Press.

Campos, Rui F, and Rafael Marques. 2005 Lundas: as Pedras da Morte. Lisbon: Fundação Mário Soares, Open Society Angola, Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa.

Cardoso, Fernando Henrique, and Enzo Faletto. 1981. Dependência e Desenvolvimento na América Latina. ILPES: Santiago de Chile.

Collier, Paul, and Jan Willem Gunning. 1999. “Why has Africa Grown Slowly.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 13(3): 3-22.

Dahl, Robert. 2000. Democracia. Lisbon: Temas e Debates. [19] Davidson, Basil. (1992) 2000. O Fardo do Homem Negro. Porto: Campo das Letras.

Davidson, Basil. 1981. À Descoberta do Passado de África. Lisbon: Sá da Costa.

Dos Santos, Theotonio. 1978. Imperialismo y Dependencia. Mexico DF: Ediciones Era.

Dumont, René. 1991. Démocratie pour l’Afrique. Paris: Seuil.

Engerman, Stanley L., and Kenneth Sokolof. 2002. “Factor Endowments, Inequality, and Paths of Development among New World Economies.” National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper no. 9259.

Etounga-Manguelle, Daniel. 2002. “Globalization and The Conflict of Identities.” Paper presented at the Conference on Globalization, Science, Culture and Religions. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 15-16 October.

Fitoussi, Jean-Paul. 2004. La Démocratie et le Marché. Paris: Grasset.

Frank, Andre Gunder. 1966. “The Development of Underdevelopment.” Monthly Review 18(4): 17-31.

Freedom House. 2007. ”Map of Freedom 2007”. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007 (Accessed November 2019).

Grindle, Merilee. 2001. “In Quest of the Political: The Political Economy of Development Policymaking.” In Frontiers of Development: The Future in Perspective, edited by Gerald M. Meier, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 345-380. Washington: The World Bank.

Haworth, Alan. 1994. Anti-libertarianism; markets, philosophy and myth. London: Routledge.

Hirschman, Albert O. 1988. “La Confession d’un Dissident : Retour sur la Stratégie du Développement Économique.” In Les Pionniers du Développement, edited by Gerald M. Meier, and Dudley Seers, 93-119. Paris: Economica.

Huber, Evelyne, Dietrich Rueshmeyer, and John D. Stephens. 1993. “The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7(3): 71-85.

Hugon, Philippe. 2001. Économie de l’Afrique. Paris: La Découverte.

Inglehart, Ronald. 2000. “Culture and Democracy.” In Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, edited by Lawrence Harrison, and Samuel P. Huntington, 80-97. New York: Basic Books.

Ishemo, Shubi. 2002. “Culture, Liberation and Development.” In Development and Culture, edited by Deborah Eade, 25-37. Oxford: Oxfam.

Jalée, Pierre. 1973. Le Pillage du Tiers Monde. Paris: Maspero.

Lacoste, Yves (ed.). 1993. Dictionnaire de Géopolitique. Paris: Flammarion.

Latouche, Serge. 1986. Faut-il refuser le développement. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

Leftwich, Adrian. 2000. States of Development. Cambridge: Polity.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. (1955) 1984. Tristes Tropiques. Paris: Plon.

Lipset, Seymore Martin. 1959. “The Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 53: 69-105.

Mazo, Eugene D. 2005. “What Causes Democracy?” Center on Democracy, Development, and the Rule of Law (CDDRL) Working Papers, no. 38, Stanford Institute on International Studies.

Mazur, Robert E. 2004. “Realization or Deprivation of the Right to Development Under Globalization? Debt, Structural Adjustment, and Poverty Reduction Programs.” GeoJournal 60: 61-71.

Ndulu, Benno J., and Stephen A. O’Connel. 1999. “Governance and Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 13(3): 41-66.

Nkrumah, Gamal. 1998. “Battling Africa’s Colonial Legacy.” Al-Ahram Weekly 381.

Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheilub, Fernando Limongi. 2000. Democracy and Well Being in the World 1950-1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheilub, Fernando Limongi. 1996. “What Makes Democracies Endure.” Journal of Democracy 7(1): 39-55.

Robinson, James A. 2006. “Economic Development and Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science 9: 503-527.

Robinson, James A. 1998. “Theories of Bad Policy.” Policy Reform 1: 1-46.

Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé. 2002. “Les Racines Culturelles de la Crise Malgache.” Le Monde Diplomatique 22.

Ruscio, Alain. 2008. “Au Service du Colonisateur.” Le Monde Diplomatique 3.

Sanders, Edmund. 2008. “Democracy is losing Ground in Africa.” Los Angeles Times, July 13.

Sachs, Jeffrey D., and Andrew Warner. 1995. “Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth.” National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper no. 5398.

UNCTAD. 2007. Handbook of Statistics. Geneva: Developing Countries in International Trade Studies. www.unctad. org/en/docs/tdstat31ch3_enfr.pdf (Accessed November 2019)

UNCTAD. 2005. Developing Countries in International Trade. Geneva: Developing Countries in International Trade Studies.

UNDP. 2004. Human Development Report: Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

UNDP. 2002. Human Development Report: deepening democracy in a fragmented world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Weber, Max. (1905) 1958. The Protestantism Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Chicago: Scribner’s Sons.

Downloads

Published

2020-06-19

How to Cite

Branco, M. C. (2020). Democratization in Africa: The development condition revisited: Democratização em África: a condição de desenvolvimento revisitada. Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science, 22, 39–49. https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.2506

Issue

Section

Articles