Prohibiting Amendment: the Use of Absolute Rigidity in the Constitutions of the Countries of the World
Proibindo a Emenda: o Uso da Rigidez Absoluta nas Constituições dos Países do Mundo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.69Keywords:
Comparative Law, Constitution-Making, Constitutional Rigidity, Democratic PoliticsAbstract
Constitutional amendments are as a rule enacted by special procedures that are more stringent than the procedure required of ordinary legislation. Some constitutions even make use of entrenched clauses which restrict in full the use of amendment; such constitutions, then, introduce what is called in this study "absoluty rigidity" (AR). Mapping the use of AR in the constitutions of countries of the world, this study shows that about one third of the countries have introduced for defined issues and principles a ban on amendment, differences between regions of the world being fairly small and the overall pattern therefore being global rather than territorial. However, more than countries in other regions, African countries are frequent AR-users. In regards to the question why some states resort to AR whereas others do not, findings are that democracies are not as frequent AR-users as are non-democracies; furthermore, diffusion stands out as an important explanatory factor, as evident from an inserted case study of former British colonies which indicates that a distaste of Britain for AR has indeed been transformed to the colonies, almost all of which have avoided the method. Concerning matters that enjoy AR-protection, territorial integraty, fundamental rights and freedmons, and republican and democratic forms of government are among the most frequent. A fair amount of the AR-entrenchements are in an empty-words category, as they are violated, even flagrantly, by the very states that have installed them.
Resumo
As emendas constitucionais são, em regra, aprovadas por procedimentos especiais que são mais rigorosos do que o procedimento exigido para a legislação ordinária. Algumas constituições fazem ainda uso de cláusulas enraizadas que restringem integralmente o uso da emenda; tais constituições, então, introduzem o que é chamado neste estudo de "rigidez absoluta" (RA). Mapeando o uso de RA nas constituições dos países do mundo, este estudo mostra que cerca de um terço dos países introduziram uma proibição de emenda para questões e princípios definidos. No entanto, mais do que os países de outras regiões, os países africanos utilizam frequentemente a RA. No que diz respeito à questão do motivo pelo qual alguns Estados recorrem à RA, enquanto outros não, as descobertas são de que as democracias não utilizam tão frequentemente a RA em comparação com as não-democracias; além disso, a difusão destaca-se como um fator explicativo importante, como fica evidente num estudo de caso inserido em antigas colónias britânicas que indica que a repulsa da Grã-Bretanha pela RA foi de fato transportada para as suas colónias, pois quase todas evitam o método. No que diz respeito à questão dos motivos pelos quais alguns países utilizam a proteção da RA, a integração territorial, os direitos e liberdades fundamentais e as formas de governo republicano e democrático estão entre as mais frequentes.
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