A Blurring of Roles: Use of Force in UN Peacekeeping
Uma Indefinição de Papeis: O Uso da Força na Manutenção da Paz da ONU
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.103Keywords:
UN peacekeeping operations (PKO), Use of Force, Enforcement, Consent, Hybrid Operations, Asymmetric EnvironmentsAbstract
There is a sober paradox involved in the use of oxymoron “peace operations”, as these operations, traditionally anchored on the bedrock principles of UN peacekeeping - consent of the parties, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defence -, are being increasingly transformed into enforcement operations. Twenty-seven years after the end of the Cold War and the rebirth of the United Nations’ (UN) security role, peacekeeping operations are increasingly losing ground to an emerging pattern of more aggressive, offensive operations. They have an essentially hybrid nature, involving elements of both peacekeeping and enforcement. Although many see them as alternative, non-reconcilable techniques, politicians and practitioners do not see a sharp dividing line separating non-coercive and enforcement tasks, permitting an easy transition from one to the other.
Resumo
Existe um paradoxo relacionado com o uso do oxímoro “operações de paz”, uma vez que estas operações, ancoradas tradicionalmente nos princípios fundamentais da manutenção da paz da ONU - consentimento das partes, imparcialidade e não uso da força, exceto em autodefesa -, estão a ser cada vez mais transformadas em operações de fiscalização. Vinte e sete anos após o fim da Guerra Fria e do renascimento do papel de segurança das Nações Unidas (ONU), as operações de manutenção da paz estão cada vez mais a perder terreno para um padrão emergente de operações ofensivas mais agressivas. Elas têm uma natureza essencialmente híbrida, envolvendo elementos tanto de manutenção da paz quanto de “enfocement”. Embora muitos os vejam como técnicas alternativas e não conciliáveis, os políticos e os profissionais não vêem uma linha divisória nítida que separa as tarefas não-coercitivas e de execução, permitindo uma transição fácil de uma para outra.
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